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        <a href="#definition">definition</a> - <a href="#mistake">mistake</a> -
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              <div class="mycontent">
<div id="definition" class="section level1">
<h1>Definition</h1>
<hr />
<p>An <code>area chart</code> is really similar to a <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/line.html">line chart</a> and
represents the evolution of a numeric variable. Basically, the X axis
represents time or an ordered variable, and the Y axis gives the value
of another variable. Data points are connected by straight line segments
and the area between the x axis and the line is filled in with color or
shading.</p>
<p><br></p>
<p>The following example shows the evolution of the <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/story/TwoNumOrdered.html">bitcoin
price</a> between April 2013 and April 2018. Data comes from the <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/story/TwoNumOrdered.html">CoinMarketCap</a>
website.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Libraries</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(tidyverse)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(hrbrthemes)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(plotly)</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(patchwork)</span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(babynames)</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(viridis)</span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Load dataset from github</span></span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">read.table</span>(<span class="st">&quot;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/master/Example_dataset/3_TwoNumOrdered.csv&quot;</span>, <span class="at">header=</span>T)</span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11" tabindex="-1"></a>data<span class="sc">$</span>date <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> <span class="fu">as.Date</span>(data<span class="sc">$</span>date)</span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># plot</span></span>
<span id="cb1-14"><a href="#cb1-14" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb1-15"><a href="#cb1-15" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>date, <span class="at">y=</span>value)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb1-16"><a href="#cb1-16" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_area</span>(<span class="at">fill=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>, <span class="at">alpha=</span><span class="fl">0.5</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb1-17"><a href="#cb1-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_line</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb1-18"><a href="#cb1-18" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Evolution of Bitcoin price&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb1-19"><a href="#cb1-19" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">&quot;bitcoin price ($)&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb1-20"><a href="#cb1-20" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_ipsum</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="area_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png" width="960" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p><em>Note</em>: You can read more about this project <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/story/TwoNumOrdered.html">here</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="what-for" class="section level1">
<h1>What for</h1>
<hr />
<p>Area chart is used to show the evolution of numeric variable. It is
sometimes criticized for not optimizing the <a
href="https://thedoublethink.com/tuftes-principles-for-visualizing-quantitative-information/">data-ink
ratio</a>, a data visualization principle that checks that no inks is
used for nothing on the chart. Indeed, removing the area under the curve
would make a <a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/line.html">line
chart</a> that conveys the same information. In my opinion area chart
make a very good work to show an evolution and the filled area makes the
pattern even more obvious.</p>
<p>Area chart can also be used to show the evolution of
<code>several variables</code>. The most classic way is through a <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/stackedarea.html">stacked area
chart</a> that is discussed in another <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/stackedarea.html">section</a>,
but this can also be done using <code>small multiple</code>. Here is an
example showing the evolution of a few baby name frequencies in the US
between 1880 and 2015.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Load dataset from github</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2" tabindex="-1"></a>don <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> babynames <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span> </span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">filter</span>(name <span class="sc">%in%</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Ashley&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Amanda&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Mary&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Deborah&quot;</span>,   <span class="st">&quot;Dorothy&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Betty&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Helen&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Jennifer&quot;</span>, <span class="st">&quot;Shirley&quot;</span>)) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb2-4"><a href="#cb2-4" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">filter</span>(sex<span class="sc">==</span><span class="st">&quot;F&quot;</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-5"><a href="#cb2-5" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb2-6"><a href="#cb2-6" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># Plot</span></span>
<span id="cb2-7"><a href="#cb2-7" tabindex="-1"></a>don <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb2-8"><a href="#cb2-8" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>year, <span class="at">y=</span>n, <span class="at">group=</span>name, <span class="at">fill=</span>name)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-9"><a href="#cb2-9" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_area</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-10"><a href="#cb2-10" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">scale_fill_viridis</span>(<span class="at">discrete =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-11"><a href="#cb2-11" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">legend.position=</span><span class="st">&quot;none&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-12"><a href="#cb2-12" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Popularity of American names in the previous 30 years&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-13"><a href="#cb2-13" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_ipsum</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-14"><a href="#cb2-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme</span>(</span>
<span id="cb2-15"><a href="#cb2-15" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">legend.position=</span><span class="st">&quot;none&quot;</span>,</span>
<span id="cb2-16"><a href="#cb2-16" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">panel.spacing =</span> <span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="st">&quot;lines&quot;</span>),</span>
<span id="cb2-17"><a href="#cb2-17" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">strip.text.x =</span> <span class="fu">element_text</span>(<span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">8</span>),</span>
<span id="cb2-18"><a href="#cb2-18" tabindex="-1"></a>      <span class="at">plot.title =</span> <span class="fu">element_text</span>(<span class="at">size=</span><span class="dv">13</span>)</span>
<span id="cb2-19"><a href="#cb2-19" tabindex="-1"></a>    ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb2-20"><a href="#cb2-20" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">facet_wrap</span>(<span class="sc">~</span>name, <span class="at">scale=</span><span class="st">&quot;free_y&quot;</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="area_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" width="768" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
<em>Note</em>: this graphic would deserve a discussion on the Y axis
range to use and on the number of row &amp; column to set. <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/small_multiple.html">Watch this
space</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="variation" class="section level1">
<h1>Variation</h1>
<hr />
<p>If the number of data points is low, it is advised to represent each
individual observation with a dot. It allows to understand when exactly
the observation have been made:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">tail</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>date, <span class="at">y=</span>value)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_line</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>, <span class="at">size=</span><span class="dv">4</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Cuting&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">&quot;bitcoin price ($)&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb3-8"><a href="#cb3-8" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_ipsum</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="area_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" width="960" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>Note that lines are also used to show trends in a scatterplot. Here
is an example using Smoothed conditional means and showing confidence
interval around it:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(mpg, <span class="fu">aes</span>(displ, hwy)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-2"><a href="#cb4-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">geom_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-3"><a href="#cb4-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">geom_smooth</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb4-4"><a href="#cb4-4" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">theme_ipsum</span>()</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="area_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p><em>Note</em>: this example comes from the <a
href="http://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/reference/geom_smooth.html">ggplot2
documentaion</a>.</p>
</div>
<div id="mistake" class="section level1">
<h1>Common caveats</h1>
<hr />
<p>The line chart is subject to a lot of discussion concerning potential
caveats. Here is an overview:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/cut_y_axis.html">To cut
or not to cut the Y axis</a>? Wether or not the Y axis must start at 0
is a hot topic leading to intense debates. The graphic below presents
the same data, starting at 0 (left) or not (right). Generally, line plot
do not need to start at 0 since it allows to observe patterns more
efficiently, but you probably want to learn more about it <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/cut_y_axis.html">here</a>.</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" tabindex="-1"></a>p1 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">tail</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb5-3"><a href="#cb5-3" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>date, <span class="at">y=</span>value)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-4"><a href="#cb5-4" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_line</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-5"><a href="#cb5-5" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>, <span class="at">size=</span><span class="dv">4</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-6"><a href="#cb5-6" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Not cuting&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-7"><a href="#cb5-7" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">&quot;bitcoin price ($)&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-8"><a href="#cb5-8" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_ipsum</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-9"><a href="#cb5-9" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylim</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">10000</span>)</span>
<span id="cb5-10"><a href="#cb5-10" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-11"><a href="#cb5-11" tabindex="-1"></a>p2 <span class="ot">&lt;-</span> data <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb5-12"><a href="#cb5-12" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">tail</span>(<span class="dv">10</span>) <span class="sc">%&gt;%</span></span>
<span id="cb5-13"><a href="#cb5-13" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="fu">ggplot</span>( <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x=</span>date, <span class="at">y=</span>value)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-14"><a href="#cb5-14" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_line</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-15"><a href="#cb5-15" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="at">color=</span><span class="st">&quot;#69b3a2&quot;</span>, <span class="at">size=</span><span class="dv">4</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-16"><a href="#cb5-16" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">&quot;Cuting&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-17"><a href="#cb5-17" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">&quot;bitcoin price ($)&quot;</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-18"><a href="#cb5-18" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="fu">theme_ipsum</span>()</span>
<span id="cb5-19"><a href="#cb5-19" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb5-20"><a href="#cb5-20" tabindex="-1"></a>p1 <span class="sc">+</span> p2</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="area_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" width="960" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p><br><br></p>
<ul>
<li>If you need to compare the evolution of 2 different variables, do
not use <a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/dual_axis.html">dual
axis</a>. Indeed dual axis can show very different results depending on
what range you apply to the axis. <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/dual_axis.html">Read more about
it</a>.</li>
<li>Mind the <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/spaghetti.html">spaghetti
chart</a>: too many lines make the chart unreadable.</li>
<li>Think about the <a
href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/caveat/aspect_ratio.html">aspect
ratio</a> of the graphic, extreme ratio make the chart unreadable.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="related" class="section level1">
<h1>Related</h1>
<hr />
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-6">
<a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/line.html" class="btn btn-primary mybtnrelated" style="margin-bottom:4px;white-space: normal !important;">
<img  src="https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/raw/master/img/section/LineSmall.png">
<p class="mytitlerelated">
Line plot
</p>
<p class="mytextrelated">
Displays the evolution of one or several numeric variables.
</p>
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-6">
<a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/area.html" class="btn btn-primary mybtnrelated" style="margin-bottom:4px;white-space: normal !important;">
<img  src="https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/raw/master/img/section/AreaSmall.png">
<p class="mytitlerelated">
Area chart
</p>
<p class="mytextrelated">
Basically a line graph, filling the area under the curve.
</p>
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-6">
<a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/stackedarea.html" class="btn btn-primary mybtnrelated" style="margin-bottom:4px;white-space: normal !important;">
<img  src="https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/raw/master/img/section/StackedAreaSmall.png">
<p class="mytitlerelated">
Stacked area chart
</p>
<p class="mytextrelated">
Displays the evolution of the value of several groups on the same
graphic
</p>
</a>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-6 col-sm-6">
<a href="https://www.data-to-viz.com/graph/streamgraph.html" class="btn btn-primary mybtnrelated" style="margin-bottom:4px;white-space: normal !important;">
<img  src="https://github.com/holtzy/data_to_viz/raw/master/img/section/StreamSmall.png">
<p class="mytitlerelated">
Streamgraph
</p>
<p class="mytextrelated">
A stacked area graph displaced around a central axis, resulting in a
flowing, organic shape
</p>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="code" class="section level1">
<h1>Build your own</h1>
<hr />
<p>The <a href="https://r-graph-gallery.com/area-chart.html">R</a>, <a
href="https://python-graph-gallery.com/area-plot/">Python</a>, <a
href="https://www.react-graph-gallery.com/area-plot">React</a> and <a
href="https://d3-graph-gallery.com/area.html">D3</a> graph galleries are
4 websites providing hundreds of chart example, always providing the
reproducible code. Click the button below to see how to build the chart
you need with your favorite programing language.</p>
<p>
<a href="https://r-graph-gallery.com/area-chart.html/" class="btn btn-primary">R
graph gallery</a>
<a href="https://python-graph-gallery.com/area-plot/" class="btn btn-primary">Python
gallery</a>
<a href="https://www.react-graph-gallery.com/area-plot" class="btn btn-primary">React
gallery</a>
<a href="https://d3-graph-gallery.com/area.html" class="btn btn-primary">D3
gallery</a>
</p>
</div>
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